Adolescence refers to a period in life when transition from childhood to adulthood takes place and behaviours and life styles are shaped. Adolescence is the period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity. This period represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterised by fast paced growth and change. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The time of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood during which one experiences several key developments. Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences include movement towards social and economic independence, development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles and the capacity for abstract reasoning. While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth and potential, it is also a time of considerable risks during which social contexts exert powerful influences. Many adolescents face pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes or other drugs and to initiate sexual relationships putting themselves at high risk for intentional and unintentional injuries, unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIS). Many also experience a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems. Behaviour patterns that are established during this period such as the use of avoidance of drugs and taking or abstaining from sexual risk can have long-lasting negative and positive effects on future health and well-being. Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces to learn a wide range of skills that can help them to cope with the pressures they face and make a successful transition from childhood to adulthood. Parents, members of the community, service providers and social institutions have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment and to intervene effectively when any problem arises.
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